Alarm systems are essential in safe operation of industrial plants. Since many process variables are interacting with each other, so in this paper, an approximate method is introduced to design and analysis of a multivariate alarm system. In this method, the alarm system is designed base on joint indices. The joint FAR and joint MAR are defined for a m-variable alarm system thanks to multivariate Markov scheme. In proposed method, the alarm joint indices are defined by solving a Linear Programing (LP) optimization problem. By defining joint indices, tuning of the alarm parameters (like, threshold and etc. ) can be done by these indices instead of correlation analysis. In this paper, penalty scenario and Genetic algorithm are used for alarm generation, and parameter optimization in Tennessee Eastman (TE) Process. The results of proposed method are compared with other methods.

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has become one of the most popular material in the reinforced, repair and rehabilitation of structure due to its ease of application and the special physical and strength characteristics. The aim of this research was to investigate the structural performance of corner joint reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite under diagonal tension load. Constructed joints from two wood species; beech (Fagus orientalis) and fir (Abies alba), were reinforced with FRP composites including one and two layers of carbon and glass fibers and then they were tested under diagonal tension load. The miter corner joints were made using wooden pin and polyvinyl acetate adhesive. The fibers lay-up was done manually. Epoxy resin was used as a polymeric matrix. Result of investigation indicated that the samples fabricated using beech wood in comparison with fir exhibited better results. In addition, glass fibers have shown better performance than carbon fiber as reinforcing elements. Inspection of diagonal tension specimens after failure have indicated that using FRP on the surfaces of Lshaped miter prevents joint opening. However, failure was occurred at the joint by increasing of the load and vertical displacement and wood weakness in tension perpendicular to the grain and shear parallel to the grain at dowels location due to stress concentration. The results showed that the miter corner joint made with beech wood and two layers of glass fibers FRP had the highest stress carrying capacity.

Probability density functions of the involved random variables are essential for the reliability-based design of offshore structures. The objective of present research was the derivation of probability density function (PDF) for the local joint flexibility (LJF) factor, fLJF, in two-planar tubular DK-joints commonly found in jacket-type offshore structures. A total of 162 finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on 81 FE models of DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading. Generated FE models were validated using available experimental data, FE results, and design formulas. Based on the results of parametric FE study, a sample database was prepared for the fLJF values and density histograms were generated for respective samples based on the Freedman-Diaconis rule. Nine theoretical PDFs were fitted to the developed histograms and the maximum likelihood (ML) method was applied to evaluate the parameters of fitted PDFs. In each case, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and chi-squared tests were used to evaluate the goodness of fit. Finally, the Inverse Gaussian model was proposed as the governing probability distribution function for the fLJF. After substituting the values of estimated parameters, two fully defined PDFs were presented for the fLJF in tubular DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading.

In this research, nondestructive evaluation of finger and scarf joints manufactured with beech wood were performed using through transmission ultrasonic technique. For this purpose, sound joints were manufactured. Then ultrasonic parameters including ultrasonic wave velocity, coefficient of attenuation, maximum amplitude and root mean squares (RMS) voltage were measured in longitudinal and perpendicular direction of joints. Through- Transmission technique with transducers of 40 kHz was used for all measurements. Results showed that there was no significant different between ultrasonic parameters in perpendicular direction of the specimens with and without joints, however in longitudinal direction, the wood specimens (without joint) exhibited significantly higher ultrasonic velocity. Higher coefficient of attenuation and the lower maximum amplitude and RMS voltage were obtained in longitudinal direction of the specimens with finger joints in comparison with specimens without joint as well as with scarf joints.

Background and Aim: Degenerative joint disease in patella femoral joint causes disabling pain in knee motion. When conservative treatment fails, surgery is indicated. In advanced stage those operations that release the stresses on the patella femoral joint by correcting the biomechanics of the joint may be more useful for patients. In this study, we analyzed the clinical outcomes following conservative methods and surgical treatment with tibial tuberosity transfer.Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, who had severe patella femoral arthritis, after true clinical and radiographic evaluation, were treated with conservative methods. For those patients that did not have improvement after three months and were agree with surgical treatment, tibial tuberosity transfer was done. Patients were followed for one year and were asked about decrease of pain and improvement in daily living function.Results: Altogether, 12 patients (24%) had improvement with conservative methods and in 34 patients after conservative treatment failure who agreed to have surgical treatment had 13 acceptable results (38.2%).Conclusion: In advanced DJD of patella femoral joint, patients not responding to conservative treatment, may have surgical treatment. Anterior transfer of tibial tuberosity can be considered as a last choice of surgery before TKA and can be accepted and considered.

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) prostheses have been available for many years and despite their superior outcomes compared to conventional DRUJ reconstructions in both short and long-term follow-ups, they have not become as popular as common hip and knee prostheses. In the current review article, at the first step, we discussed the applied anatomy and biomechanics of the DRUJ, and secondly, we classified DRUJ prostheses according to available literature, and reviewed different types of prostheses with their outcomes. Finally we proposed simple guidelines to help the surgeon to choose the appropriate DRUJ prosthesis.